Essay on Theories on the Causes of Genetic Disorders in...

Genetic Conditions Leading to Mortality are Common in Older People than Younger People Humans undergo several stages during their lifetime including growth, development, reproduction and senescence. Senescence is defined as the deteriorative biological changes that organisms experience as they age eventually leading to death. These changes include low metabolism, a weak immune system, memory loss, poor vision and loss of hearing. Senescence begins in humans during their post-reproductive years. However, gerontology research has shown that individuals who reproduce late have longer life spans compared to individuals who reproduce early. Nonetheless, it does not indicate that senescence is inevitable. All organisms experience senescence,†¦show more content†¦Another example includes the repression of tumorigenesis that inhibits certain cell growth at a young age but rapidly expresses harmful cells resulting in inoperable tumors at an older age. This suggests a trade-off betwe en the early benefits and the late costs. Natural selection will always favor the early benefits in young adults over the late-acting deleterious genes. Charles Williams proposed that individuals who postpone reproduction have longer lifespans because they have a higher fitness and can produce more children (Williams 409). The mutation accumulation theory was proposed by Peter Medawar in 1952. It stated that harmful mutations expressed at a younger age are selected against by natural selection to maximize the fitness of an individual. Deleterious mutations expressed at an older age are not affected by natural selection because the genes are already passed onto the next generation (Hughes 424). Over the next generations, the late-acting deleterious genes accumulate resulting in degradation of biological processes. The mutation accumulation theory and the antagonist pleiotropy theory are similar to a certain extent and can occur at the same time. However, an important difference is th at harmful genes at old age accumulate from previous generations in the mutation accumulation theory whileShow MoreRelatedAging And The Aging Process1669 Words   |  7 Pagesconcepts of aging are broken down into two theories widely accepted by several varying fields of studies such as gerontology, the study of the aging process, and oncology, the study of cancer and tumor development. The Cellular theory, which focuses solely on the idea that a species and individual’s lifespan and condition in life is based on genetic and cellular factors that predispose us to a variety of diseases. The second theory is known as Wear-and-Tear theory which heavily concentrates on the conceptsRead MoreThe Biology Of Memory Disorders955 Words   |  4 Pagesthat could make their daily life difficult. The hippocampus, limbic system, and amygdala are critical to memory and if these were damage they could cause memory disorders. Memory disorders are diseases that impair our ability to recall e veryday events. There are numerous memory disorders a person could have. For example, amnesia is a common memory disorder. The most common types of amnesia are retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is when a person loses some memories of theirRead MoreDepression And The Elderly : The Major Risks Of Old Age Depression1442 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Elderly: The Major Risks of Old Age Depression To gain an improved understanding of depression in elderly and how to treat such cases, a definition of the disease itself must be familiarized: the ensuing information and research aims to supplement previous understandings. Since the elderly are not usually studied as a major demographic of depression patients, general statistics will be used when needed. 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Every person reacts differently to diagnosed mental conditions. (NAMI, 2015) Mental disorders include a wide range of problems made up of anxiety, mood disorders, depression, schizophrenia, psychotic disorders and etc. The focus of this paper will examine the disorder of schizophrenia; how it became, who is affects and to live with it. Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder that affects one’s perception of reality. It may cause hallucinations, delusions, psychoticRead MoreMajor Types Of Major Depressive Disorder1112 Words   |  5 Pages Major depressive disorder is a mental disorder characterized by a pervasive and persistent low mood that is accompanied by low self-esteem and by a loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. The term depression is used in a number of different ways. It is often used to mean this syndrome but may refer to other mood disorders or simply to a low mood. Major depressive disorder is a disabling condition that adversely affects a person s family, work or school life, sleepingRead MoreDepression, Types and Causes1124 Words   |  5 PagesDepression: types and causes. 1 Burgundy Carroll COM 150, Effective Essay Writing June 4, 2010 Jennifer Lloyd 2 Depression is very common; it may be as simple as a change in the weather or as difficult as a chemical imbalance in the brain. There are many different types of depression. I am going to choose just a few, to look at a little closer. The types of depression I am going toRead More The Aging Process and Caring For the Elderly Essay1793 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract This report presents several aspects of aging. The report looks at a number of theories of why we age, the physical and mental changes we undergo as we age, and ways of caring for the elderly. 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My Personal Philosophy Of Teaching - 895 Words

My philosophy of teaching is that every child should be treated equal and should have the right to learn and get a good quality education. Every child has the ability to learn. It is my job as a teacher to make sure that every student has a chance to learn while in my classroom. My classroom will be based on multicultural education. This will create an equal learning opportunity for all my students. I will treat all of my students equally and with respect no matter what kind of diversity I may have in my classroom. Also, I believe in making my classroom a safe environment for the students. In order for a child to like school and want to come and learn, they have to feel like the classroom is a safe place. Furthermore, I will make sure my students’ parents play an active role in their education. It is very important that parents are involved in their child’s education. At the beginning of the school year, I will set up a time to meet with the parents so that I can get to know them. At this time, I will give the parents some different strategies on how to help their child with his/her homework. I will send a homework sheet home on Mondays that will have the homework on it for the whole week. The parents will be required to review the homework sheet each day, help their child with the homework for that day, and sign the homework sheet after the work is completed. Also, I will contact the parents on a regular basis for positive comments or any concerns that I may have aboutShow MoreRelatedMy Teaching Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Teaching932 Words   |  4 Pages This is my personal philosophy of teaching. This is my belief about teaching and learning and how I will put my beliefs into classroom practices. First and foremost, the purpose of education is to educate students so that they can be ready for the real world. It should prepare students for life, work, and citizenship. To do this, education should teach one to think creatively and productively. In addition to preparing students for the real world, all students should be able to read and comprehendRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Teaching797 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosphy of Teaching The the purpose of this paper is to identify/describe and discuss my personal philosophy teaching. As I describe my theory of learning I will talk about experiences that have affected me. As well as identify areas of pedagogy that have influenced my personal philosophy. I will then describe how my philosophy teaching guide my teaching style. Personal Experinces My personal philosophy of teaching has its foundations in my experiences as a student. These experiences as aRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Teaching Essay2027 Words   |  9 PagesMy Teaching Philosophy Teaching is a career that takes patience, passion, and desire. Since I was about ten years old, my passion has resided in teaching, specifically special education teaching. When my aunt adopted my twin cousins and found out they were autistic, I never would have expected the hard road she would have to go down in terms of their education. My motivation to teach has always been and always will be my cousins. Without them, I would have never found the desire and love I haveRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Teaching Essay2163 Words   |  9 Pages PERSONAL PHILOSOPHY OF TEACHING First and foremost, I believe that the task of every teacher is to provide a safe and stimulating environment that fosters learning and development intellectually, emotionally, physically and socially. My personal philosophy of teaching is largely based on the idea of student-centred learning. I believe that students have just a big role to play in the learning process as a teacher, and with that, comes the need for collaboration between students and teachers.Read MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Teaching Essay2022 Words   |  9 PagesTeaching is a career that takes patience, passion, and desire. Since I was about ten years old, my passion has resided in teaching, specifically special education teaching. When my aunt adopted my twin cousins and found out they were autistic, I never would have expected the hard road she would have to go down in terms of their education. My motivation to teach has always been and always will be my cousins. Without them, I would have never found the desi re and love I have for special education childrenRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Teaching1779 Words   |  8 PagesTeaching in the modern classroom presents challenges many previous educators have not been faced with. The Melbourne Declaration of Educational Goals for Young Australians (Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs [MCEETYA], 2008) states that today are students will become â€Å"successful learners, confident and creative individuals, and active and informed citizens†. In order for educators to meet these demands, they will need to consider how they will prepare studentsRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Teaching3307 Words   |  14 PagesSECTION 1: Teacher Identity Write your Personal Philosophy of Teaching based upon your reading and learning in this unit. Refer to aspects including: attributes of an effective teacher, student engagement and motivation, catering for diversity (500 –800 words). Teaching as a profession is not easy; teachers must offer the highest level of care and education to all students in an encouraging and positive environment every single day. This can be done by creating a feeling of acceptance and sense ofRead MoreMy Personal Statement On Teaching Philosophy881 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching Philosophy Why I Am Here†¦ I am here to help my students become their best self. I am here to help my students in their education and to help them become better people and citizens. As a teacher, my goal is to help my students succeed in any way I can. I became a teacher because teaching gives me a chance to help kids grow and develop a love for learning, instead of a loathing for school. I want to be a teacher because I want to make a difference. I will make a positive impact on my student’sRead MorePersonal Experience: My Teaching Philosophy2434 Words   |  10 PagesTeaching Philosophy My philosophy of teaching is deeply rooted in nurturing the potential each and every student in my classes. Providing a creative environment that allows self assessment, growth, group interaction and mentorship are at its very core. Having taught in Higher Education for many years, and as an instructor of Media Arts and Animation, and Game Design, I have had the amazing opportunity to work with some of the brightest and creative young professionals. Teaching has not onlyRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy On Teaching And Implementing A Pbss Over The Last Five Weeks Essay1082 Words   |  5 Pageshave been fortunate enough to further my understanding of an administrator s role in developing and implementing a PBSS over the last five weeks. In gaining a broader depth of knowledge from a leadership perspective, I am learning the responsibilities and grit it takes to succeed in a larger role. During this research driven study, I have discovered the many facets that create a positive le arning environments for learning. An area that I have focused most of my energy on is, creating a desirable school

Youth and Music free essay sample

The influence of secular music on youth has always had a close relation to violence and negative behavior. From fifties Rock and Roll to present-day Rap concerts, audience members have been involved in brawls, rapes, stabbings, shootings, drug use and numerous other criminal activities while listening to their favorite groups. Irrational behavior at Rock and Roll, Heavy metal, Rap, and even Country music concerts is nothing new.In fact, mom people believe that this inhumane conduct can be attributed to the lyrics of these various genres of music which seems to glorify indecent behavior. Others believe that it is the inappropriate practices of the artistes themselves that encourage their young fans to become violent since most of them tend to mimic the behavior oftener idols/role models. Rap music in its popularity has Often faced nationwide debate especially when assessing its impact on the youth.The catalyst for such arguments has always been the Eileen nature of the lyrics and the way in which it influences some of the poorest communities in the Caribbean. We will write a custom essay sample on Youth and Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As I further explore the genre of rap music, will seek to explain the role of secular music in establishing uncivilized behavior among the youth population. Research Topic/Problem Rap music and its influences on youth. Research Objectives 1. To identify and explain the origin of rap music. 2. To examine the effects of rap music on young people. 3.To use the findings to make recommendations about the relationship teen rap music and young people. Problem Statement Rap music negatively affects the relationship between youth and their parents. This study investigates the effects of rap music on young people and their relationship with their parents, in Attaching and Maloney. Research Questions 1. What is the history of rap music? 2. How did rap music develop its reputation? 3. Why is listening to rap music a preference, to young people? Messages are these songs sending to young people?

Jesus Life Essays - Prophets Of Islam, Apocalypticists,

Jesus Life "Do you see Him, do you see Him?!" the little boy whispered, while tugging on his father's robe. "Shh, Simon. Patience. He will be here soon. Can you hear the crowd getting louder?" John asked his son. He was trying to appear calm, but his beating heart and sweating palms gave him away. He and his son were in a crowd of hundreds waiting to see Jesus of Nazareth. People were claiming that Jesus was the Messiah they had been waiting for. John was skeptical, so he thought he would go see for himself. Jesus Christ was born in Bethlehem, the city of David. While this might seem ordinary to some, the circumstances leading up to were not. Mary was betrothed to marry Joseph, but before they had slept together, she found out she was pregnant. Joseph was ready to call it off quietly, when an angel of the Lord came to him saying, " Joseph, son of David, do not be afraid to take Mary home as your wife, because what is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. She will give birth to a son, and you are to give him the name Jesus, because he will save His people from their sins." (Matt. 1:20,21) Joseph then took Mary home as his wife, and they did not lay together until Jesus was born. This proves to us Jesus was born of God, not of man. He was God's son, blameless, pure, and holy. (Mt.1:18-24) Every year Jesus and His parents would travel to Jerusalem for the Passover Feast. The year when Jesus was twelve, they went as usual; however, after the Feast days. They found Him in the Temple teaching the teachers. (Luke 2:41-50) "When His parents saw Him, they were astonished. His mother said to Him, ?Son, why have you treated us like this? Your father and I have been anxiously been searching for you.' ?Why were you searching for me?' Jesus asked. ?Didn't you know I had to be in my Father's house'?" (Luke 2:48,49) He then left with His parents back to Nazareth "and was obedient to them." (Luke 2:51b) This shows Jesus' love for His Heavenly Father, as well as His respect and obedience to His earthly parents. John the Baptist, Jesus' cousin, had been "preaching in the desert of Judea and saying, ?Repent, for the kingdom of Heaven is near'." (Matt 3:1b,2) He was preaching the way for Jesus and fulfilling Isaiah's prophesy, "A voice of one calling: ?In the desert prepare the way for the Lord; make straight in the wilderness a highway for our Lord'." (Isa. 40:3) People from all over Jerusalem were coming to be baptized by John the Baptist. Though he baptized them, he made sure all his actions pointed toward Jesus. (Matt. 3:1-12) " I baptize you with water for repentance. But after me will come one who is more powerful than I, whose sandals I am not fit to carry. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit." (Matt. 3:11) While John was at the Jordan River baptizing, Jesus came and asked John to baptize him. "But John tried to deter him, saying, ?I need to be baptized by you, and do you come to me?' Jesus replied, ?Let is be so now; it is proper for us to do this to fulfill all righteousness.' Then John consented." (Matt 3:14,15) After Jesus came up from the water " A voice from heaven said, ?this is my Son, whom I love; with him I am well pleased'." (Matt 3:17) Jesus was setting an example for us to follow. Baptism represents our death to sin, and our new life in Christ. After his baptism, "Jesus was led by the Spirit into the desert to be tempted by the devil." (Matt. 4:1) Jesus was in the desert for forty days and nights,0 and Satan tempted him the entire time. Jesus used scripture to fight Satan, and Jesus came out the victor of the battle.(Matt. 4:1-11) Soon after his temptation, Jesus heard that John the Baptist had been put into prison, he then left Nazareth and went back up to Galilee. (Matt. 4:12-17) There he began to preach "repent for the kingdom of heaven is near." (Matt. 4:17) "As Jesus was walking beside the Sea of Galilee, he saw two brothers, Simon (called Peter) and his brother Andrew." (Matt 4:18) They were fisherman and were busy putting their nets into the sea when Jesus called, "Come follow me, and I will make you

How to Make a Desiccant Container

How to Make a Desiccant Container A desiccator or desiccant container is a chamber that removes water from chemicals or items. It is extremely easy to make a desiccator yourself using materials you probably have on hand. Have you ever wondered why so many products come with little packets that say Do Not Eat? The packets contain  silica gel beads, which absorb water vapor and keep the product dry. Including packets in packaging is an easy way of preventing mold and mildew from taking their toll. Other items would absorb water unevenly (e.g., parts of a wooden musical instrument), causing them to warp. You can use the silica packets or another desiccant to keep special items dry or to keep water from hydrating chemicals. All you need is a hygroscopic (water-absorbing) chemical and a way to seal your container. Key Takeaways: How to Make a Desiccator A desiccator is a container used to maintain a low-humidity environment.Dessicators are simple to make. Basically, a dry desiccant chemical is sealed within a closed container. Objects stored within the container will not become damaged from moisture or humidity. To some extent, a desiccator can absorb water already stored within an object.Many desiccants are available, but they vary widely in terms of safety and cost. The safest chemicals to use include silica gel beads, calcium chloride, and activated charcoal.Desiccant chemicals can be recharged by heating in order to drive off the water. Common Desiccant Chemicals Silica gel is the most widely available desiccant, but other compounds work, too. These include: Silica gel (the beads in those little packets)Sodium hydroxide (sometimes sold as a solid drain cleaner)Calcium chloride (sold as a solid laundry bleach or a road salt)Activated charcoalCalcium sulfate (gypsum or plaster of Paris)ZeoliteRice However, some of these chemicals are more effective and safer than others. Rice, for example, is extremely safe. It is often added to salt shakers as a desiccant to prevent water absorption, allowing the seasoning to flow through the shaker. Yet, rice has a limited ability to absorb water. Sodium hydroxide and calcium chloride are extremely effective, but sodium hydroxide is a caustic compound capable of producing chemical burns. Both sodium hydroxide and calcium chloride eventually dissolve in the water they absorb, potentially contaminating objects stored within a desiccator. Sodium hydroxide and calcium sulfate evolve considerable heat as they absorb water. If a lot of water is absorbed within a short amount of time, the temperature within the desiccator may spike dramatically. In summary, for a basic home or lab desiccator, silica gel and activated charcoal may be the two best choices. Both are inexpensive and non-toxic and dont degrade upon use. Make a Desiccator This is extremely simple. Just place a small amount of one of the desiccant chemicals into a shallow dish. Enclose an open container of the item or chemical you wish to dehydrate with the container of desiccant. A large plastic bag works well for this purpose, but you could use a jar or any airtight container. The desiccant will need to be replaced after it has absorbed all of the water that it can hold. Some chemicals will liquefy when this occurs so that you will know they need to be replaced (e.g., sodium hydroxide). Otherwise, youll just need to switch out the desiccant when it starts to lose its effectiveness. How to Recharge a Desiccator Over time, desiccants become saturated with water from humid air and lose their effectiveness. They can be recharged by heating in a warm oven to drive off the water. The dry desiccant should be stored in a sealed container until use. Its best to expel all of the air out of the container, since it contains some water. Plastic bags are ideal containers because its easy to squeeze out the excess air. Sources Chai, Christina Li Lin; Armarego, W. L. F. (2003). Purification of Laboratory Chemicals. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-7571-0.Flà ¶rke, Otto W., et al. (2008) Silica in Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_583.pub3Lavan, Z.; Monnier, Jean-Baptiste; Worek, W. M. (1982). Second Law Analysis of Desiccant Cooling Systems. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering. 104 (3): 229–236. doi:10.1115/1.3266307Williams, D. B. G.; Lawton, M. (2010). Drying of Organic Solvents: Quantitative Evaluation of the Efficiency of Several Desiccants. The Journal of Organic Chemistry 2010, vol. 75, 8351. doi: 10.1021/jo101589h

Tips for Attaining Editorial Consistency

Tips for Attaining Editorial Consistency Tips for Attaining Editorial Consistency Tips for Attaining Editorial Consistency By Mark Nichol How much time and effort should a writer put into consistency? And how much energy should an editor devote to it? The answer, as with many editorial issues, is not that simple, but it is easy to elucidate. A book or a book-length publication, such as an extensive report, must for the sake of a reader’s respect for the authority of the argument and/or the regard of the care taken by the writer, strive for flawless consistency in all regards. But note that â€Å"flawless consistency† does not necessary mean â€Å"precisely the same every time.† If not, what does it mean? When an entity, whether a person or a company or organization, is mentioned repeatedly in one document, of course the name should be spelled correctly each time. But there are acceptable variations to the treatment of the name. When a biography of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, for example, names him for the first time, the reader should see those four components of his name. But his last name alone is sufficient thereafter with exceptions. An emphatic reference to his strength of character may require a stylistic flourish: â€Å"But Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wasn’t about to let her get away with that.† A quotation in the book may refer to him before he was knighted, or the person quoted may simply have omitted the honorific. Complicating matters, it appears that later in life, the creator of Sherlock Holmes preferred to use â€Å"Conan Doyle,† though without a hyphen, as his surname, so the writer must decide whether to use the single surname or the double version and must do so consistently. By the same token, a company or organization name is often spelled out only the first time it is used, and is then referred to by a short form (for example, Dow, rather than Dow Chemical Company) or an acronym or initialism (NASA, rather than the National Aeronautic and Space Administration, for instance). As with a personal name, there’s no reason to revert to the full name outside a quotation or some other anomalous usage. And what if a book is a collection of essays by various writers? The editor of the anthology is responsible for establishing a style that remains consistent throughout unless, of course, one or more contributions are previously published in a differing form of the language, such as an essay by a British English writer among American English authors. The editor may edit the essay to conform to American English style, but it’s easier to leave it as is and acknowledge the discrepancy in the introduction or in a note. As for treatment of names, an anthology’s editor might choose to resume full forms at the beginning of each chapter to reacquaint the reader, then resort to short forms or abbreviations after each chapter’s first reference. In the case of words with more than one correct spelling, such as adviser/advisor, the copy editor simply notes the preferred spelling on a style sheet while working on a manuscript and performs a word search for any instances of the nonpreferred spelling and corrects them. Alternatively, the copy editor can simply note that the manuscript, as edited, conforms to the primary spelling in the dictionary. (Many publications use this policy as a simplifying default setting to prevent ambiguity about which spelling to employ.) Periodicals, as well as book publishers and many other companies and organizations that publish, generally have a style guide, which prescribes treatment of pertinent names and terminology; for example, an industry-focused magazine about architecture may routinely refer to the American Institute of Architects by its initials alone because the publication’s readers do not require a complete identification, and a journal about US history will dictate that all references to indigenous bovines specify bison, rather than the inaccurate popular variant buffalo. A carefully compiled style guide will document these policies, and a diligent copy editor will consistently honor them. (Writers are often unaware of the rules governing editorial inconsistency, or are not careful about applying them, and in the worst cases do not think doing so is their responsibility, or even necessary.) Web sites with user-generated content, as opposed to those that, like print publications, have an editorial staff, cannot expect all contributors to conform to style and will thus be flexible about consistency, though any text generated by the site staff should adhere to the prescribed style. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?15 Types of Documents25 Idioms About Bread and Dessert

The Big Bowl Part2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Big Bowl Part2 - Essay Example The skipper is then notified of a successful registration. The system administrator is charged with the responsibility of updating scores during matches. The system Administrator fills in the match details and the system displays the teams playing the particular match. He or she fills in the new results using the score update sheet and this is update into the system. The system then automatically displays the highest score after the new update (Ambler 79). The classes are Match, Team, Player, Scores and Venue. Match class has the matchID attribute which is used to uniquely refer to a given match. The class also sets the time match takes place and can be able to get scores of a given match from Scores class. Player class has attributes that give more information about a player, that is, name (name of the player), age (his age), fieldPosition (the position he plays in the field) and his identification number (PlayerID). Match table contains column names matchID (unique number identifying each match), matchTime (time when the match takes place), placeName (venue of the match), and scores. matchID links to matchID in team to identify the matches the team took part in and in scores to identify the scores of that match. PlaceName links to placeName in venue and is used to identify the place the match took place. This will define the general approach for the implementation of the system. The point and intent will be to identify the assumed facts and establish a way to fuse the system to the domain area. Most importantly identifying the activities that will be handled in implementation will address the system development stage of completion. Infrastructure communication, this will look at the roles of people in the organization to provide the network, information and communication infrastructure. The chief intent here is to support the application on the internal company network. Second,

Interview Summary with Xiaochu of BenMo PR Essay

Interview Summary with Xiaochu of BenMo PR - Essay Example She denied the college life keeping her eye on the future needs which demanded her to â€Å"get her life started and going as soon as possible†. Her finance needs led her to the modeling area and bartending but soon her creativity persuaded her on starting her own blogs on the internet and she captured the attention of huge followings quickly. Xiaoxhu maintained her double identity i.e. her real-life identity and her virtual identity in all this time period. However, she was quite successful in maintaining her reputation under both identities. In the virtual world, she was named as the best blogger in four of the prevailing web networks, Sina, Sohu, Xici, and Tianya. She was voted as the Beauty Blogger in both Tianya and Sohu and was elected to be the â€Å"basketball babe† for the 2008 Beijing Olympics website. On the other hand, her real life activities involved her service as an editor for a local Shanghai magazine and she was also on the organizing committee for the 57th World Beauty Pagent. This illuminates her ambition of not accepting the life and circumstances as they are but to develop her career and achieve her ultimate aim of being a successful person. The goal of such hardworking and ambitious people is sometimes to achieve comforts of life, wealth or some other kind of financial benefit. However, Xiaoxhu â€Å"never saw money as the main goal.† She further illuminates this idea by asserting that â€Å"even at the beginning money was just something to put food in my mouth and a roof over my head.† This clearly shows that her aims were not limited to grabbing money and leaving this world without being seen or noticed by others. Her aim was to capture the general public and make her name known to them in good words. Her success was accompanied by the achievement of her goals in her own distinct way of attracting public, specifically general public. In support of her

Bill Gates Speech Essay Example for Free

Bill Gates Speech Essay William B. Gates, also known as Bill Gates was welcomed on October 28th, 1955 by his father William Gates II and his mother Mary Gates. Gates attended a public school and also the private Lakeside School. There, he discovered his interest in software and began programming computers at age 13. Today I would like to inform you about William B. Gates the founder of Microsoft, his life before Microsoft, his career, and his accomplishments. As a child, Bill Gates was very competitive, curious and a deep thinker, that is when his parents decided to enroll him in the private preparation school lakeside, where he soon excelled. Bill Gates was surrounded by historical events at a young age, like when Apolo eleven took men to the moon, this event inspired him because a huge computer was involved. When Bill Gates was in high school he would spend hours upon hours in the computer room. He graduated in 1973 from Lakeside and was accepted by the prestigious university of Harvard, where he had no definite career plan. He loved to stay up all day and night, he spent more time in the computer lab then he did in the classroom, that was his true craze. Soon he met Steve Balmer, who lived down the hall from him at Harvard. Balmer is now Microsoft’s chief executive officer. While at Harvard Gates developed a programing language called BASIC, for the first microcomputer. In his junior year gates left Harvard to devote his energies to Microsoft, a company he begun in 1975 with his childhood friend Paul Alan. His belief was the computer would be a valuable tool on every office desk and in every home. So they began developing software for personal computers. Gates foresight and vision was the success of Microsoft and the software industry. Under gates leadership Microsoft’s mission has been to improve software technology and to make it easier, cost effective and more enjoyable for people to use computers. In 1999 gates wrote business @ the speed of thought, the book was published in 25 languages and available in more than 60 countries. Was on the bestseller list of new york times, USA today, the wall street journal and amazon. com. Gates has donated the proceeds of the book to a nonprofit organization that support the use of technology and education and skills development. William Bill Gates is chairman of Microsoft Corporation the world wide leader in software, services and solutions that help people and buisnesses realizes their full potential. In 2008 Bill Gates transitioned out of a day to day role in the company to spend more time on his global health and education work at the Bill and Malinda Gates foundation. Gates Continues to serve as Microsoft s chairman and advisor on key development projects. In conclusion William B. Gates is considered a role model to many people, in many different ways. He has many accomplishments that have made him into the successful businessman he is today. Bill gates changed the way the world operates and functions, he made life easier for humans to live in. In 4 seconds he earns $250, in 24 hours he earns 20 million, and in a year he earns 7. 8 billion dollars. All this due to his co-founding the multi-billion dollar company that is Microsoft today. And as bill gates once said â€Å" be nice to nerds, because youll probably be working for one. †

Gulf War :: essays research papers

The Gulf War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early morning of August the second 1990, Saddam Hussein and a fleet of tanks as well as 100,000 thousand troops invaded neighboring Kuwait with out provocation or warning. Iraq also had surface-to-surface missiles to take complete control of Kuwait; this all took place just hours after Saddam Hussein had assured neighboring countries that there would under no circumstances be an invasion. George Bush entered the Gulf War for the sole reason of recovering the oil and Kuwaiti Boolean that Saddam Hussein had stolen. President George Bush’s goal in entering the war was to recover the stolen oil from the Iraqi’s, and ensure that it continues to be sold at a reasonable amount by the Kuwaiti’s, rather than have the prices raised or even the threat of being cut off by Saddam Hussein; there was also an extreme threat that the Iraqi’s possessed nuclear weapons which would endanger all bordering countries. The President said that anything less than the full cooperation of the Iraqi troops and tanks would result in immediate action by the U.S troops in his address to the people. Bush also demanded that full restoration of the Kuwaiti government must also take place rather than the puppet regime that was established by Saddam Hussein after his take over. This was one of the many incidents that lead President George Bush to take action against the Iraqi’s due to their involvement in the Persian Gulf crisis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United Nations placed sanctions upon Iraq, which lead to the starvation of one point two million Iraqi civilians. It was also the cause of the famine rate amongst children from the age five and below to rise almost one quarter from its rate the previous year. 960,000 women and children dead due to the sanctions brought forth by the UN. The sanctions, which were brought forth, involved the immediate hold put on all food, clothing, and medicines from entering Iraq. The points of the sanctions were to weaken the strength of Saddam Hussein and his task forces. In July of 1997 the U.S government held a press conference stating that it was indeed true that the figure was actually well over one point two million Iraqi civilians were killed due to the sanctions. This was one of the major set backs in the campaign of President Bush among the people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another fact that set President Bush back was the belief of the people that it was not worth putting the lives of American troops on the line for oil.

Handle information in health and social care setting Essay

Outcome 1 Understand the need for secure handling of information in health and social care Identify the legislation that relates to the recording, storage and sharing of information in health and social care The Data Protection Act 1998 covers anything relating to a person, medical records, social service records, credit information, local authority information. There are eight enforceable principles: Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully Adequate, relevant and not excessive Accurate Not kept for longer than necessary Process in accordance with the data subject rights Not transferred to countries without adequate protection The Data protection Act also allows people to see information recorded about them through the Freedom of Information Act 2000, therefore people are allowed to see their social care files, this is important to know when entering information in people’s notes. The ICO Information Commissioner’s Office is responsible for upholding information rights in the public interest. Explain why it is important to have secure systems for recording and storing information in a health and social care setting Information on Care homes and in house information is valuable and critical to the business of the home. This information must be stored and processed therefore it is essential that Information Security is maintained. The purpose of information security is to preserve: Confidentiality data is only access by those with the right to see them. Integrity information can be relied upon to be accurate and process correctly. Availability information can be accessed when needed. Insecure information can lead to violation of an individual’s human civil  rights that may results in neglect/or physical, sexual, emotional or financial harm. Manual system of recording information has to secure so they are usually kept in a locked cabinet and may be in a secure room. Outcome 2 Know how to access support for handling information Describe how to access guidance, information and advice about handling information The first place to look for guidance and advice is the supervisor with regards to information in the work place. If you require information about a person, then that person’s care plan would be ideal. Information about legislation to ensure that you are complying with the law, them the Information Commissioner’s Office is the place to contact. Explain what actions to be taken when there are concerns over the recording, storing or sharing of information If there is a concern relating to people’s records, the concern should be directed to the manager who is in the position to deal with the concern. For taking a concern further that has not being resolved, the concern needs to be : Put in writing Be clear about dates, times and the exact nature of the concern Identify the steps that have already been taken and the response Involve trade union or professional organisation for support The steps for resolving concerns: Discuss with line manager Record the concerns and take it to a more senior manager Take it to director or chief executive Take it to the inspectorate You are protected from unfair dismissal by an employer through the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 if your concern relates to the employer. Outcome 3 Be able to handle information in accordance with agreed ways of working Keep records that are up to date, complete, accurate and legible Records should provide objective, accurate, current, comprehensive and concise information concerning the condition and care of the client. The records kept should reflect an accurate and up to date picture of somebody’s situation. Records are kept to: Provide a full assessment of the client’s  needs Provide record of any problems and the actions taken Provide evidence of care required Provide a baseline record against which improvement or deterioration may be judged Records should le after be made as soon as possible after the event providing current information on the care and condition of the person. Follow agreed ways of working for: Recording information Good recording of information supports good practice in a number of ways. Supports effective partnership with users and carers, provides documented evidence and account of the department involvement with an individual, support risk assessment and risk management plans. The principles for recording:- Service users and carers are helped to understand the purpose and contents of their case record and are invited to contribute to it. Case records will be kept in accordance with Department of health guidance and legal requirements. Storing information A care plan contains valuable information about a person in care and this information has to be stored. All documents are stored according to legal, organisational and ethical standards. Some information can be stored and displayed openly, i.e. menus can be stored in a kitchen. Documents, such as care plans, medication sheets, and employee files need to be stored in locked cupboards in locked rooms to deny access to those who have no right to the information. Sharing information  the home has a general duty in common law to safeguard the sensitive information they hold of individual’s. The home should have a clear policy on the Data Protection Act which staff should adhere to. It is important that staff should pay particular attention to ensuring consent to share information is clearly recorded on file. Where it has been necessary to  share information without consent then the justification should be recorded and authorised by the line manager. There are different reasons for sharing personal information without consent:- Court or tribunal orders A person’s best interest Risk to health Police request Public interest Protection to others Partner agencies providing support. It is important that you know the policies of the care organisation with regards to confidentiality and the disclosure of information in your workplace. The basic rule is that all information is confidential and cannot be shared with anyone without the consent of the person.

Pharmasim Preliminary Market Strategy Essay

Allstar Brands’ over-the-counter cold and allergy remedy Allround will continue to be the market leader among OTC cold medicines and continue to increase its stock price over the next decade in order to remain not only competitive, but the premier stock choice among competitors in the OTC cold and allergy remedy market. To further grow the Allround product it is essential to build upon the current strengths of the brand, but also seek additional areas for opportunity and growth. These goals will be accomplished by evaluating competitors entering the OTC cold and allergy remedy market and through careful planning and execution to enhance our current product to meet the desires and needs of consumers. Allstar Brands’ Allround product holds a strong position in the over-the-counter cold and allergy remedy market by being the market share leader, but there is no guarantee this trend will continue. Allround recognizes the need to continue to diversify and reformulate its current product line in order to remain competitive in light of an influx of competition. Allround competes in one of four product categories in the OTC market with no emphasis in the cough, allergy, or nasal categories. We will be better enabled to meet the desires and needs wanted most by consumers by enhancing the current Allround product line. Allstar Brands’ Allround product has been a profitable brand with manufacturer sales of over $355 million in its most recent period. To further increase sales it is crucial to ensure the Allround brand is being sought by all consumers in the OTC cold and allergy remedy market. Recent surveys show the Allround brand did not receive the best shelf space placement and this is a great concern to the future of the brand. It is important Allround reallocates its resources appropriately to maximize the efficiency of our channels of distribution in order to promote our brand to its fullest potential. Allround’s brand effectiveness and high recognition have allowed it to be among the price leaders in the OTC cold and allergy remedy market. This current trend is a great concern to the management team at the OCM group of Allstar Brands. In order to remain competitive Allround must closely monitor all pricing aspects associated with manufacturing and selling the brand. To ensure Allround can maintain a price leadership role in the market it must continually adjust its pricing tactics to better suit its consumers in periods of growth and decline. Allround’s success depends on the consumers who buy its product. To ensure consumers are purchasing our product Allround must offer the greatest value. By promoting our product to the appropriate demographics we can develop more sales and grow our customer base. Allround brand recognizes the need to promote its product through all types of mediums including coupons, point-of-purchase vehicles, and trial-size packages in order to maintain customer loyalty. If Allstar Brands is able to understand its customers on a more intimate basis then it can better provide for desires and needs sought by those purchasing medicine in the OTC cold and allergy remedy market. Situation Analysis The following is a situational analysis of all pertinent aspects of the current state of the market and of the Allround product. Using the â€Å"5 Cs† we have developed an overview of the current situation and hope to present it in a clear and concise manner. This covers the current external factors, major competitor factors, projected customer’s information, fellow distributor’s and retailer’s factors, and current company outlook. -Context: External factors -Collaborators: Who are we using to promote our product, and how do we motivate them? WhoWhyMotivate PharmacistsCustomers value and trust the opinions of pharmacistsMarket that boosting the sales of Allround will also boost drugstores sales Chain DrugstoresStatisticaly a high volume of sales come from thesePromoting this product will boost sales and garner more customers for both Allround and the drugstore Grocery StoresStatisticaly a high volume of sales come from theseConvince that this is the best OTC cold medicine and that stocking this will increase store sales DoctorsDoctors could recommend product to patientsDistribute samples to local doctors to encourage recommendations to patients -Company: Goal? Strengths and weaknesses? GoalsMetricsStrengthsWeaknesses Increase Stock Price10% increase per yearBrand awareness, market share, product quality, high potential growthUnacceptable budget allocation Increase Company Net Income10% increase per yearHigh income, high price, brand awarenessWeak portfolio Increase Company Annual Net Income~$74MBrand awareness, company growth, inelastic pricingSales coverage, Unused R&D capacity Increase Company Utilization~93%#1 product in market, new product line and reformulation optionsAlcohol additive in current formula, budget Increase Shelf Space Rank#1 product in retailBrand awarenessSales coverage and promotion, diluted advertising plan, budget constraints Target Market: The Allround initial marketing plan will be focused on four core groups. The four groups include empty nesters, mature families, singles, and retirees. The main marketing focus will be on singles and empty nesters, as those are our core customers. Singles and empty nesters is Allround’s primary demographic. These 2 groups are the perfect candidates due to their age. Young singles are defined as young adults living alone; Allround was made for fast relief for adults. Young singles, being largely independent, require fast and effective relief from cold symptoms. Empty nesters are classified as older people whose households are now empty. Mature families are also a large group of interest. Mature families usually have older children and are less cautious of the side effects on a teen. The parents of the household are also usually middle aged and still in the workforce, this is a perfect demographic for a fast relief cold medicine. Retired is an important, but already established, market for Allround. Due to this fact the company should focus less advertising on retirees. People past the point of retirement have already been largely exposed to the product. The chance of acquiring new customers from this demographic is low, and the advertising opportunity is past its prime. The marketing team has decided against advertising to young families, at least for the moment. Young families are especially concerned with side effects of medicine. Many families with young children won’t be as interested in adult cold medicines. Therefore, advertising efforts should be focused elsewhere. Allround should look into developing a child’s cold medicine in the future; bundle that with the original formula and market it to young families. Recommendations: Our recommendations are focused on the initial four major company expressed at the beginning of this report. First we will discuss how to improve our product, and by extension customer satisfaction, as well as possible new product lines. Second, we will focus on product placement and improving distribution channels. Third, we discuss possible pricing options and contingencies. Finally, promotion plans and increasing our circulation through major markets. The Allround product is a well recommended and widely trusted OTC cold and allergy medication. To maintain this image we need to further show our customers that we are listening. A major issue with current customers is the alcohol content, and resulting side effects, of the current Allround formula. To improve Allround’s image even further we must reformulate the current product to rid it of alcohol while still maintaining its effectiveness. Customers have also expressed interest in chest decongestant; by again reformulating the product we can add expectorant to further the overall quality of cold symptom relief. A final possibility would be to explore new product line options, such as an improved Allround product or a child’s cold medicine, to diversify the company and reach more markets. Allround has a very high shelf stock, however due to a large number of new competitors this number is decreasing. The first recommendation regarding placement of the product would be to increase the number of detailers to increase support of wholesalers and merchandisers; it is recommended that the number of initial detailers be at least doubled. Secondly, support must be shown for independent drugstores, therefore it is advised that the company allocate more of its sales force to that resource. Finally, more advertising and trial promotions need to be focused on chain drugstores and grocery stores. Allround has consistently been one of the higher priced OTC cold and allergy medicines, justified by its proven quality. Price is more mercurial than other factors in marketing; pricing must be determined on a yearly basis. Inflation rate and marketing forecast must be closely monitored to determine the companie’s actions regarding price. If the market outlook is favorable then price increase should match that of inflation rate; if the market outlook is not favorable the price increase must stay below inflation rate. Following this plan should ensure sales will follow a steady or upward trend, minimizing loss. Allround tries, and largely succeeds, at being a household name. To ensure this stays true promotion must be increased to compete with the influx of competition into the market, to do this we go back to reformulating the product. Due to Allrounds alcohol content, and subsequent side effects, doctors are more apt to recommend competitors with alcohol-free products. Removing the alcohol content would go great lengths in increasing doctor and pharmacist recommendations. More focus needs to be placed on trial promotions, while couponing should stay the same for the base product. Promotion funds need to be more targeted toward our major retailers, chain drug stores and grocery stores, as these largely use circulars and other promotional strategies.

Thomas Jefferson Essays - Thomas Jefferson, Free Essays, Term Papers

Thomas Jefferson Essays - Thomas Jefferson, Free Essays, Term Papers Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson is remembered in history not only for the offices he held, but also for his belief in the natural rights of man as expressed in the Declaration of Independence and his faith in the people?s ability to govern themselves. He left an impact on his times equaled by few others in American history. Born on April 13, 1743, Jefferson was the third child in the family and grew up with six sisters and one brother. Though he opposed slavery, his family had owned slaves. From his father and his environment he developed an interest in botany, geology, cartography, and North American exploration, and from his childhood teacher developed a love for Greek and Latin. In 1760, at the age of 16, Jefferson entered the College of William and Mary and studied under William Small and George Wythe. Through Small, he got his first views of the expansion of science and of the system of things in which we are placed. Through Small and Wythe, Jefferson became acquainted with Governor Francis Fauquier. After finishing college in 1762, Jefferson studied law with Wythe and noticed growing tension between America and Great Britain. Jefferson was admitted to the bar in 1767. He successfully practiced law until public service occupied most of his time. At his home in Shadwell, he designed and supervised the building of his home, Monticello, on a nearby hill. He was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1769. Jefferson met Martha Wayles Skelton, a wealthy widow of 23, in 1770 and married her in 1772. They settled in Monticello and had one son and five daughters. Only two of his children, Martha and Mary, survived until maturity. Mrs. Martha Jefferson died in 1782, leaving Thomas to take care of his two remaining children. Though not very articulate, Jefferson proved to be an able writer of laws and resolutions he was very concise and straight to the point. Jefferson soon became a member in a group which opposed and took action in the disputes between Britain and the colonies. Together with other patriots, the group met in the Apollo Room of Williamsburg?s famous Raleigh Tavern in 1769 and formed a nonimportation agreement against Britain, vowing not to pay import duties imposed by the Townshend Acts. After a period of calmness, problems faced the colonists again, forcing Jefferson to organize another nonimportation agreement and calling the colonies together to protest. He was chosen to represent Albermarle County at the First Virginia Convention, where delegates were elected to the First Continental Congress. He became ill and was unable to attend the meeting, but forwarded a message arguing that the British Parliament had no control over the colonies. He also mentioned the Saxons who had settled in England hundred of years before from Germany and how Parliament had no more right to govern the colonies than the Germans had to govern the English. Most Virginians saw this as too extreme, though. His views were printed in a pamphlet called A Summary of the Rights of British America (1774). Jefferson attended the Second Virginia Convention in 1775 and was chosen as one of the delegates to the Second Continental Congress, but before he left for Philadelphia, he was asked by the Virginia Assembly to reply to Lord North?s message of peace, proposing that Parliament would not try to tax the settlers if they would tax themselves. Jefferson?s "Reply to Lord North" was more moderate that the Summary View. Instead of agreeing with Lord North, Jefferson insisted that a government had been set up for the Americans and not for the British. The Declaration of Independence was primarily written by Jefferson in June 1776. Congress felt that the Declaration was too strong and gave Dickinson the responsibility of redrafting the document, but the new version included much of Jefferson?s original text and ideas. In 1779, Jefferson became governor of Virginia, guiding Virginians through the final years of the Revolutionary War. As a member of the Second Continental Congress, he drafted a plan for decimal coinage and composed an ordinance for the Northwest Territory that formed the foundation for the Ordinance of 1787. In 1785, he became minister to France. Appointed secretary

Beginning Level Writing for ESL Describing Cities

Beginning Level Writing for ESL Describing Cities Read the following paragraphs introducing Portland, Oregon. Notice that each paragraph focuses on a different aspect of the city. Portland, Oregon is located in the northwest of the United States. Both the Columbia and the Willamette river run through Portland. It is the largest city in the state of Oregon. The city is famous for its proximity to the mountains and the ocean, as well as its relaxed, friendly inhabitants. Approximately 500,000 people live in Portland while the Portland metro area has a population of over 1.5 million inhabitants. The main industries in the Portland area include computer chip manufacturing and sportswear design. In fact, two famous sportswear companies are based in the Portland Area: Nike and Columbia Sportswear. The largest employer is Intel which employs over 15,000 people in the greater Portland metro area. There are also many smaller technology companies located in downtown Portland. Portlands weather is famous for its rain. However, the spring and summer are quite lovely and mild. The Willamette V alley to the south of Portland is important for its agriculture and wine production. The Cascade Mountains are located to the east of Portland. Mt. Hood has three major skiing facilities and attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors each year. The Columbia river gorge is also located close to Portland. Tips for Writing an Introduction to a City Discuss one aspect of the city in each paragraph. For example, one paragraph about general facts and population, one paragraph about industries, one paragraph about culture, etc.Use resources such as Wikipedia to help you find facts about the city.Use its as a possessive when writing about a city (not her, or his). For example, Its main exports are ...When using numbers, write out the numbers up to twenty. For larger numbers, use numerals. For example: There are two professional sports organizations ... BUT There are over 130,000 inhabitants in XYZ.Use million when expressing very large numbers. For example, 2.4 million people live in the greater metro area.Make sure to capitalize specific names of companies and monuments.Use both the comparative and superlative forms to make statements relating to other cities and regions. For example: It is the largest producer of apples in the state. Helpful Language Location X is located in the Y region of (country)X lies between the A and the B (mountains, valleys, rivers, etc.)Located at the foot of the B mountainsLocated in the R valley Population X has a population of ZMore than (number) people live in XApproximately (number) people live in XWith a population of (number), X ....inhabitants Features X is famous for ...X is known as ...X features ...(product, food, etc.) is important for X, ... Work The main industries in X are ...X has a number of Y plants (factories, etc.)The main employers of X are ...The largest employer is ... Writing About a City Exercise Choose a city you would like to describe.Find a research page for reference purposes. You can use sites like Wikipedia, magazines, or other resources.Choose three or four broad topics you would like to discuss.For each topic, write down a list of specific facts using your reference materials. For example: Â  Weather -Â  more than 80 inches of snow on average extremely hot summers etc.Take each fact and write a sentence about that fact. For example:Boulder receives more than 80 inches of snow on average each winter.Combine your sentences into a paragraph on each broad topic. Make sure to use linking language, pronouns, etc. to link the ideas in your sentences into a logical sequence.If you are using a computer, make sure to spell check your work.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Case Study Example Since India’s GDP was low, the vast majority of the population could only afford two wheeler vehicles. The strategies employed in ensuring that the Nano met all demands by the non-four-wheeler customers included ensuring that it was affordable for this portion of the population. It was priced at only 1 Lakh making it the cheapest car. In addition, it met high fuel efficiency standards and met all safety standards that the two wheelers could not meet. For these reasons, people placed orders before they had even seen the car. There were several hurdles that the Nano had to address in the market. First, the Nano had to ensure that it offered better services than the two-wheeler by becoming a safe, all-weather vehicle. In addition, it had to be affordable. Second, the car had to be designed in a way that it promised an upward social mobility. Third, the designers could not compromise the buyers so as to ensure low cost car. For instance, they could not design it being a two door vehicle since this would reduce accessibility to rear seats. In spite of the huge initial orders, there were obstacles which resulted in poor sales. First, Tata did not have its own distribution channels; therefore, it resorted to using the traditional dealerships, which had limited space. Although this was a main issue Tata resulted to using other outlets so as to make the showrooms available in many cities in India. For instance, the company tied up with Big Bazaar to display the vehicles in smaller cities. Additionally, two wheeler customers who were the main target were turned off by the perception of the Nano being the cheapest car as people wanted to upgrade their social status. Second, Tata also had a production problem since the interim facilities’ production was low. Third, the company had issues with local communities who protested the use of arable land for industrial uses. This is one of the main obstacles that affected the progress of the Nano

The Modern History of Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Modern History of Computing - Essay Example The source will trace the history of computers from early 1900s to the modern times. It will equally provide information relating to technological changes over that period and considerably highlight the contribution of computer technology innovators like Atanasoff, Babbage, and Colossus. The recognition of the book’s authors, its proper citations, worldwide sponsorships, and relevant outsourcing, promote the credibility and authoritativeness of the source. Additionally, the source document is equally factual, easy to read and understand. Hence, it is relevant to the topic. Ensmenger, Nathan "Who Invented the Computer? The Legal Battle That Changed Computing History." American Scientist 91.5 (2003): 467-468. Although the book is long and loses focus on the main issue about computer inventions, it is relevant to scholarly work. The source will help me to understand a legal case that explains Atanasoff as the actual inventor of the modern computer. However, although the judgeâ₠¬â„¢s ruling on this case is questionable, the authority of the author and the information will be applicable in this study. A more balanced and broader book on computer history would be more appropriate. Hodges,  Andrew. ... Additionally, the source will highlight the limitations of early computers as well as showing a brief history of computers. The source is authoritative and relevant. It is consistent with other sources on computer information and is widely recognized by many organizations. The author is highly knowledgeable and recognized. The planning and writing of this source document is easy to read and understand. Thus, the source document is widely applicable and relevant in this study. Miller, Stephen. "Pioneer Programmer Shaped The Evolution of Computers." Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition 14 Oct. 2011: A. Newspaper Source The wall street journal is a prominent academic material and its authority in information is reliable. The document helps me in analyzing information on the inventors of computer programming language and other software. The document will considerably highlight the contributions of Mr. Ritchie in computer technology from the early times to the recent times. It will also brief me with the difference between the early computer and modern computers. The Wall street journal is reliable in technological and business news in US. Thus, I will reasonably use this source document in my study. Rojas,  Raul and Hashagen,Ulf The first computers: history and architectures London: MIT Press, 2002 Print. This scholarly book is up-to-date with its publishing being 10 years ago. The information herein helps me to understand the origin of computers, the early computers, and their uses. Indeed, it highlights the development and components of early computers. This information will help me in analyzing the origin and development of early computers. Just like any other print media, the source

Brief analysis of the global airline industry Essay

Brief analysis of the global airline industry - Essay Example Airline travel continues to be one of the most popular ways to travel. Airlines continue to function as freight carriers and passenger carriers with some functioning as both. The aviation industry will need to watch for economic recovery in other sectors of the economy and will need to take advantage of that recovery to rebound itself. In the European Union, airlines that fly internationally have been affected by American aviation's lowering of ticket prices to draw more customers back to flying. In 2001 the European Union began discussions with the United States to establish a trans-Atlantic pricing agreement. The American government provided bailouts to U.S. based carriers and the European Union agreed to allow European governments to grant funds to their airlines as well thus evening the playing field a bit (World Airline News, 1). A gradual return to previous levels of travel and tourism will help the industry rebound. A major influence in the airlines and other business in Europe is the growth of the European Union. Open borders offer the opportunity to add more routes to an existing airline. Ryanair is positioned in the industry to add those routes at low costs that consumers expect. The European Union is in the business of enlargement and flexible integration (Camppanella, 7).The new venture of Ryanair and Aer Lingus will need to focus on industry trends and exploit opportunities within the industry as they become available. . It needs to answer questions like "what are my competitors doing", "is there rivalry amongst firms", and "how will my suppliers react to the acquisition". Michael Porter's Five Forces Model (Porter, 1980) provides a good framework for answering such questions. Porter developed this framework for the structural analysis of industry attractiveness (Porter, 1980). Porter's framework offers a "model to help identify relevant variables and questions that must be answered to ta ilor conclusions to a particular industry or businesses"(Porter, 1980). The five forces are: the threat of entry, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, development of substitute products or services, and rivalry among competitors (Porter, 1980). Another direction the airline might take is to conduct a PESTEL Analysis. PESTEL stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technical, Environment, and Legislative. This type of analysis provides a look at the external pressures an organisation might encounter. Ryanair could benefit by this type of analysis. For example, the company would need to take a look at the political implications that would affect the business such as: can the airlines be nationalized PESTAL analysis helps decision makers make a guided examination of factor's they may overlook using one of the other analysis models. The company may not have thought to examine the economic impact of headquartering its business in Dublin but I'm sure that environmentalist would have requested and environmental impact statement. Ryanair would benefit from knowing how local legislators view the airline and if the acquisition would be violating any local laws. Ryanair would need to examine their tax liabilities incurred by basing it self in Dublin. Tax labilities may have increased because Ryanair will be operating as a larger

Research on Pseudo Psychology Beliefs

Research on Pseudo Psychology Beliefs INTRODUCTION Pseudo psychology is branch under the studies of psychology. Pseudo psychology however it isn’t known for its reliability as it is not been scientifically proven to be a true. Although it isn’t scientifically proven yet, there are still a large number of people who still believe in it as it has grown to be what many people consider as a cultural phenomenon over the years. There are several forms of pseudo psychology and it can be classified into groups like astrology, phrenology, graphology and palmistry. Astrology is the study of stars, phrenology on the other hand focuses on the study of the human skull. Graphology studies the handwriting of people and finally palmistry is the study of the human palm. Over the years, horoscopes have been popularize and has become a part of people’s daily lives. Horoscope is a form of pseudo psychology as it grouped under Astrology, the study of stars. Horoscope is an astrological chart or diagram that is represented based on where the Sun, Moon, stars and planets are position. Horoscopes are divided into 12 categories like Pieces, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, and Aquarius. The objective of the assignment is to find out why people believe in pseudo psychology. We selected to focus on astrology in this research is due to the familiarity of it to most students. A survey was conducted among 50 students at random within the Faculty of Social Science, Arts and Humanities. Each student were asked to answer a set of 15 questions per survey. However, there were a number of students who had to be briefed on what pseudo psychology is before proceeding with the questionnaire. Question Analysing Based on question 1, do you know about pseudo psychology, 72% of the students have answered yes whereas 28% of the students answered no. Majority of the students from FSAH know what is pseudo psychology. Based on question 2, which one of the below have you heard of, 42 students know about astrology while only 4 students know about phrenology. Majority of the students from FSAH know about astrology. Based on question 3, which one of the below are you most interested in, 80% of students answered astrology whereas 2% of student answered phrenology. Majority of the students from FSAH are more interested in astrology compared to phrenology. Based on question 4, where do you usually come across with pseudo psychology, 27 students answered social media while only 6 answered others. Majority of the students of FSAH come across with pseudo psychology when using social media. Based on question 5, on the scale of 1-10, how much do you believe in the content you have read, 38% of the students answered 5 while 2% of the students answered 1, 9 and 10 respectively. Majority of the students from FSAH think that the content they read from the mass media is only rated 5 from the scale 1 to 10 on their believes. Based on question 6, do you mostly read about positive or negative content, we have 84% of students answering positive and 16% of students answering negative. Majority of the students from FSAH read more of the positive content from the media on pseudo psychology. Positive content is when one praises another or give compliments. Examples of positive content that students might come across when reading the horoscope is that they might read about their lucky day or their secret admirer will talk to them. Negative content is when one gives discourage or disappointed content. Examples of negative content that students might come across when reading the horoscope is that they might read about their health is not really good today or reading about having a misunderstanding with friends. Based on question 7, how often do you come across with pseudo psychology, we have 36% of students answering once a month and only 10% of students answering everyday. Majority of the students from FSAH come across pseudo psychology once a month. Based on question 8, do you know the sign that you were born under, we have 88% of students answering yes and only 12% students answering no. Majority of the students from FSAH know the sign that they were born under. Based on question 9, do you agree that the characteristics associated with the sign accurately reflects your personality, we have 58% of students answering partly and 8% which is 4 answering no and another 8% which is 4 answering don’t know. Majority of the students from FSAH agree that the characteristics associated with the sign accurately reflects their personality. Based on question 10, do you read the horoscope columns in the newspapers, we have 86% of students answering yes and 14% of students answering no. Majority of the students from FSAH read the horoscope columns in the newspapers. Based on question 11, if you read your horoscope, which one of the following would you associate with doing so, there are 36 students chose for fun and only 1 student chose others. Majority of the students from FSAH read their horoscope because they think it is fun. Based on question 12, have you ever taken a horoscope quiz online, 60% of students answered yes whereas 40% of students answered no. Majority of the students from FSAH have taken a horoscope quiz online. Based on question 13, have you ever purchased any books or magazines related to horoscope, 60% of students answered no whereas 40% of students answered yes. Majority of the students from FSAH have not purchased any books or magazines related to horoscope. Based on question 14, if you are in a relationship, will you find out the signs of the people you are dating, 66% of the students answered yes while 34% answered no. Majority of the students from FSAH will find out the signs of the people they are dating. Based on question 1, on the scale of 1-10, how much has pseudo psychology made an impact in your life, 28% of the students answered 5 and none answered 9. Majority of the students from FSAH rated 5 on the scale of one to ten on how much has pseudo psychology made an impact in their lives. CONCLUSION Based on the research conducted, we are able to understand that a lot of students from the Faculty of Social Science and Humanities are aware of what pseudo psychology is, especially like astrology. We can also see that they choose to expose themselves to pseudo psychology through the media like the newspaper or when taking a quiz about it online; it is a voluntary action. However, we are able to conclude that a vast majority who are expose to it often tend to focus only on the positive information. This is similar form of confirmation bias, where if someone’s horoscope says that they’ll have horrible luck that day, they forget about it and choose to not believe it. However if the information shows that they’d be having good luck that day, they’d say that horoscopes really works. We can also see that the media plays a role at influencing pseudo psychology. To those who knew what pseudo psychology is, it is due to media exposure on pseudo psychology. Pseudo psychology can be found in a number of media like the newspaper, magazine, Internet, phone applications and more. This helps reinforce the fact that the media does play a role in influencing people. Based on the research, there are more than half that believe and strongly believe in pseudo psychology. It is possible that majority of students from FSAH agrees that pseudo psychology does make an impact in their lives. Hence, with the majority of the ones who heard about pseudo psychology and the higher values on the scale resulting from questions 5 and 15, we can safely deduce that people from FSAH are more inclined to believe the content that they are expose to; therefore making it possible to conclude that they do believe in pseudo psychology even though it is yet to be scientifically proven. Reference Martyn Shuttleworth(Jul 5, 2008). Survey Research Design. Retrieved Nov 22, 2014 from Explorable.com:https://explorable.com/survey-research-design Coon, D. Mitterer, J.O. (2007) Introduction to psychology. (11th ed.) Thompson/Wadsworth Kelly, Why Astrology Doesn’t Work, Psychological Reports, 82, 1998, pp. 527-546. Retrived from:http://www.karenmoulton.com/astrologysite/article3.htm Paul R. T., (1978). Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience.PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, Volume one, Page 223-234. Retrived from: http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/192639?uid=3738672uid=2134uid=2uid=70uid=4sid=21105285037323 I. W. Kelly, Modern Astrology: A Critique, Psychological Reports, 81, 1997, pp. 1035-1066. Retrived from:http://www.karenmoulton.com/astrologysite/article3.htm

Epic of Beowulf Essay - Lindisfarne and Christian Influences in Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essay

Lindisfarne and Christian Influences in Beowulf      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Beowulf manuscript, written around the year 1000 and containing approximately 70 Christian references/allusions, could owe part of its Christianization to the Catholic bishops, priests, monks and laity who made The Lindisfarne Gospels a reality about 300 years prior.    â€Å". . . the poem is the product of a great age, the age of Bede, an age which knew artistic achievements of the kind buried at Sutton Hoo, an age in which art and learning were united to produce great gospel books like the Lindisfarne Gospels, now in the British Museum,   . . . (Stanley 3). The Lindisfarne Gospels was written and artistically decorated about the year 700. About the middle of the tenth century a Catholic priest named Aldred, after translating The Lindisfarne Gospels from Latin into Anglo-Saxon, wrote on the last leaf of the manuscript a colophon naming the four Catholic religious responsible for making The Lindisfarne Gospels:    Eadfrith, Bishop of the Lindisfarne Church, originally wrote this book, for God and for Saint Cuthbert and – jointly – for all the saints whose relics are in the Island. And Ethelwald, Bishop of the Lindisfarne islanders, impressed it on the outside and adorned it with gold and with gems and also with gilded-over silver – pure metal. And Aldred, unworthy and most miserable priest, glossed it in English between the lines with the help of God and Saint Cuthbert†¦.(Backhouse 7).    Janet Backhouse in her book The Lindisfarne Gospels, says that these gospels were made in north-east England â€Å"less than a century after the introduction there of Christianity† (Backhouse 7). This statement is quesstionable. Consider that the conversion of Britain to Christianity began quite early. The Catholic priest Venerable Bede, born in Bernicia, Northumbria, around 673, states in Bk 1, Ch 4 of his Ecclesiastical History of the English People that while Eleutherius was Bishop of Rome (175-189AD), a king of Britain named Lucius requested of the Pope that the king be baptized a Catholic by papal decree:    In the year of our Lord 156 Marcus Antoninus Verus was made emperor together with his brother Aurelius Commodus. He was the fourteenth after Augustus. In their time, while a holy man called Eleutherius was bishop of the church at Rome, Lucius, a king of Britain, sent him a letter praying him that he might be made a

Foreshadowing is the essential part of Steinbeck’s style in ‘Of Mice and Men’ Essay

Steinbeck, in my opinion, has one of the most unique styles of writing which is not only effective but also inspirational. The fact that he puts the whole plot and the ending right in front of us (at the beginning, in every section and even in the name) and we don’t recognise it easily is truly fascinating. Hints of the ‘grand finale’ could be found nearly everywhere in the novella. In the beginning of the play we learn that Lennie likes to pet soft things. He starts off by petting a mouse and then petting a puppy, of which he kills both as a result of his unrecognised brutal strength. The puppy was all innocent and fragile and Curley’s wife was seen in the same way which foreshadows the killing of Curley’s wife. The idea of Curley’s wife knowing the history of Lennie with pets and his blindness about the strength he possesses and still allowing him to stroke her hair was particularly considered peculiar by me. The only way I managed to justify this was that perhaps she was unaware of the dangers at that particular time as she was too caught up in the moment of perhaps she wanted to be rid of her depressive and oppressive life. Perhaps she was just fed up of her failure of her dreams and living a life of such misery that she thought of death to be the only way out and maybe death by the hands of Lennie seemed like a good idea because he was still considered to be childish meaning the element of innocence could be attached to him. Foreshadowing plays a huge role in indicating towards the fact that Lennie won’t make it alive to the end of the novella. The opening sets a pleasant mood to the story, it makes the world seem peaceful and lively then these feelings transforms into a darker and a much more sorrowful aura. The extract â€Å"I’ll put the old devil out of his misery right now† was said by Carlson to Candy. This action foreshadows the death of Lennie; He can be personified as Candy’s dog as his main purpose is also to accompany George hence when Lennie/ the dog is of no use or has exceeded his limit then he will be put down. This also highlights one of the theories attached to this story in perspective; the idea of Darwin’s ‘Survival of the fittest’ theory. The natural environment and settings could also emphasise Darwin’s theory as it was linked to nature but the quote also shows that a weak element in the food chain (Carlson) preys a weaker member of the food chain (the dog) and later on we learn that George (a weak member of the food chain) kills Lennie (a weaker member of the food chain in terms of mental abilities) regardless what the intents where. Furthermore, the death of Candy’s Dog and Lennie is pretty identical which can contribute to the method in which Lennie was murdered. The dog was shot in the head which was the same way Lennie was killed. The quotes â€Å"I ought to of shot that dog myself† and â€Å"He won’t even feel it.† shows that the idea of George killing Lennie himself rather than getting some else to do it is being suggested to George. Additionally, the second quotes highlights that it’s all for the best and this action is being taken for the greater good. In Addition, â€Å"I should have done it myself† said by Candy also suggests and foreshadows that George will be the murderer of Lennie. Candy realised afterwards and in a way regretted that he didn’t kill his dog, his best companion, himself, in the same George wouldn’t want Curley to kill Lennie so he would commit the murder himself. This could be considered a gesture of loyalty and love that now Lennie wouldn’t have to suffer anymore or it could also be a sign that George was just fed up of carrying Lennie’s burden around on his back. In my judgement, I would question George’s actions because I believe there are always other ways of getting around the situation and who gave George the right to take someone’s life. In conclusion, the element of foreshadowing is the main and one of the most important techniques which the novella is based on. Foreshadowing and hints of the future aspects of the story could be found at nearly every stage of the novella and I think that this doesn’t only make the story interesting but it also clamps the reader in deeper and deeper, it makes a reader’s hunger to find out the ending even more and more. In my opinion, Of Mice and Men is one of the most inspiring story’s I’ve read not only plot and content wise but also writer’s techniques wise.

Wounds That Can Not Be Stitched

Stephanie Holmes 06-06-2011 Wounds that Can’t be Stitched Up I learned that sometimes you think your over things in your life until you see that actual person that has caused a fear in your life. It was upsetting to me that this man did not get any serious punishment for DWI and hit this family. That how did even have the nerve to get back behind the will after the tragedy he caused. It made me made when people were making excuses for him. He had the nerve to say to her at the end did I scare you oh, that really ticked me. As he staggered from his vehicle, he looked at me and asked drunkenly, â€Å"Did I scare you? † It made me mad. How can he dare ask a question like that when he damn their killed her mom, brother, and sister. Her daughter was standing outside to. I would imagine that would be very upsetting to her especially the stuff her family had been through. I think the writer was very heated and probably wanted to beat him up. That some people don’t understand what they did caused pain and hurt. Some people never learn. Now and then I’d see his name in court log of our local paper for another DWI. As he staggered from his vehicle, he looked at me and asked drunkenly, â€Å"Did I scare you? † He kept repeating that he’d did nothing wrong. Yes she was an intelligent source to discuss this piece with. She had an essay that appeared in Newsweek. The incident had caused her to write the essay The Wound That Can’t Be Stitched Up. That she used the sixth edition of Models for Writers to help her learn how to write.

Examining The Application Package Of Accounting Software Information Technology Essay Essays

Examining The Application Package Of Accounting Software Information Technology Essay Essays Examining The Application Package Of Accounting Software Information Technology Essay Essay Examining The Application Package Of Accounting Software Information Technology Essay Essay It is a widely researched subject to actuate little concerns to follow IT. There is small research focused specially on the motivation factors for following computerized accounting systems ( CAS ) in little organisation, though there is much survey on the overall acceptance of IT. However, little concern accounting package is an indispensable sub-set of overall little concern IT research. Accounting package was the biggest application bundle used and the powerful factor behind the IT hardware acquisition determination. To look into the motivation factors for following accounting package, it would be practical to foremost reexamine the more comprehensive literature on overall IT acceptance. Hence, this literature reappraisal begins with a treatment of the surveies of general IT acceptance and so reexamine surveies peculiarly focused on accounting package acceptance. 2.1 FACTORS FOR ADOPTION OF IT Thong ( 1999 ) , Harrison, Mykytyn and Riemenschneider ( 1997 ) , Cragg and King ( 1993 ) , Moore and Benbasat ( 1991 ) and Treadgold ( 1990 ) , who have made research about little concern IT acceptance, have now identified a assortment of actuating factors. Thong ( 1999 ) attempted to beef up the myriad of IT acceptance research by developing an integrated theoretical account of information systems acceptance. This theoretical account is a utile model in reexamining the variables that impact on a little concern proprietor s determination to follow IT. Thong classified the factors into four elements: Features of the organisation ; Features of the direction ; Features of the technological invention ; and 4. Features of the concern environment. 2.2 Features of the Organization The features of the organisation are variables that manipulate the determination whether to follow IT or non. Organizational features for case: employee s degree of IT knowledge, concern location, information-intensity, concern size and industry sector has been evaluated in predating research surveies of Fink ( 1999 ) ; Burgess ( 1998 ) ; Wenzler ( 1996 ) ; Attewell ( 1992 ) ; Yap ( 1990 ) ; and Delone ( 1988 ) . In general, the greater the gross revenues turnover are determined by the larger the figure of employees and the more information-intensive the industry, therefore the more likely a little concern will follow IT invention.In add-on, Thong ( 1999 ) states that little concerns tend to endure resource poorness in footings of fiscal competency, offered clip and IT skilled staff to ease invention acceptance. As a consequence, Attewell ( 1992 ) adds that resource poorness raises the obstruction to innovation acceptance in little concern. 2.2.1 Information Intensity Yap ( 1990 ) quoted in Thong ( 1999 ) , that concerns have different information-processing demands in different sectors. Those in more information-intensive sectors are more likely to follow IT than those in less information-intensive sectors. Further, ( Porter and Millar, 1985 ) have reported that greater utilizations of IT in concerns are due to greater information strength. Therefore, greater information strength will take the holder or supervisor of little concern to comprehend IT as a most of import competitory device and as a consequence addition the chance and complexness of using computing machine package. 2.2.2 Business Size Dewar and Dutton ( 1983 ) and Moch and Morse ( 1977 ) quoted in Thong ( 1999 ) , point out that the technological invention literature has found that larger concerns have more capital and substructure to ease to follow computerized accounting system. However, Ein-Dor and Segev ( 1978 ) , specify that little and average concerns face well more barriers, among others, a deficiency of internal information system expertness, restricted pecuniary resources and as such are less likely to follow information systems than big concerns. Auxiliary literature Alpar and Reeves ( 1990 ) quoted in Thong ( 1999 ) disagree that, even among little concerns, the larger the concern, the more able it is able to use people with specialised accomplishments, for illustration, cognition of information systems. Hence, there is a greater chance to travel from manual system and follow the computerized 1. 2.2.3 Industry SEcTOR Some peculiar industries are more suitable to computerise record maintaining than others are discussed by some research workers. These findings are partially supported by the Australian Bureau of Statistics ( ABS ) 1999-2000 study, Business Use of Information Technology. The maximal usage of computing machines was in concerns in the stuff goods, concern services, electricity, gas and H2O supply industries. At the same clip, the minimal computing machine usage was in the private and other services like lodging, coffeehouse, eating houses, conveyance, storage, retail trade and building. Therefore, it is more suited to implement a CAS in industries in which there are more trading traffics and dealing processing so that to ease daily running of the concern. 2.3 Characteristics of Management Thong ( 1999 ) points out that in big concerns, group squads are normally involved in the IT decision-making procedure. However, this is in differentiation to little concerns where the owner-manager is by and large the IT determination shaper. Therefore, Rizzoni ( 1991 ) indicates that in little concerns, the features of the owner-manager are critical in finding the concern s attack to IT. Thong ( 1999 ) emphasized that the three major features of owner- director which are of import to IT acceptance are: Degree of IT instruction and accounting cognition. Computer self-efficacy, and Innovativeness. 2.3.1 Degree of IT Education and Accounting KNOWLEDGE In position of the fact that directors have illumination cognition about accounting or seeing as they do non cognize how to fix histories and fiscal statements, they by and large prefer to contract out their accounting work to public accounting houses. In add-on, in several states and in several concerns, directors neither considered the accounting capable by any agencies nor the accounting topic in the secondary degree or third degree. Consequently, Lees ( 1987 ) , DeLone ( 1988 ) and Neidleman ( 1979 ) quoted in Thong ( 1999 ) , specify that the owners are non alert of the significance and the utility of accounting information over and above the advantages of utilizing computing machines to do effortless accounting plants. Therefore, it still exists an involuntariness to use computing machine package for the ground that concern procedure outsourcing decreases the deficiency of accounting perceptive of proprietors. Consequently, there would be a larger possibility to implement a CAS , if directors have been educated about the accounting cognition or if they could be learned about the advantages of computing machine know-how to bring forth rapid and precise accounting information. 2.3.2 Computer self-efficacy Self-efficacy is the belief that one has the capableness to execute a peculiar behaviour that is widening the societal cognitive theory. Compeau and Higgins ( 1995 ) described computing machine self-efficacy as a opinion of one s capableness to utilize a computing machine . Delone ( 1988 ) and Raymond ( 1988 ) province that little concerns proprietors or directors who have commenced computing machine preparation and possess computing machine self-efficacy are more apt to implement IT. The cardinal leader for invention is the owner-manager and little concerns frequently can non afford the luxury of experts to steer them towards the invention acceptance and diffusion procedure. Therefore, it is of import for the owner-manager to hold computing machine self-efficacy. It is posited here that, to the grade that the owner-manager feels comfy and confident with the information engineering, here construed as the owner-manager s computing machine self-efficacy, advanced information enginee ring will be adopted. On the other manus, Gableand Raman ( 1992 ) discovered that directors in rather a batch of houses are less alarmed or have no thought of the likely wage ensuing from the usage of computing machines in accounting as they do non possess computing machine cognition. Hence, directors would be willing to follow such computing machine engineering to treat accounting informations and bring forth appropriate and consistent fiscal studies on clip, if they could be learnt about the favorable effects ensuing by following accounting package bundle. 2.3.3 INNOVATIVENESS Invention is defined as a alteration made in the traditional manner of making things. In this model, invention means the development of changing the manner of fixing fiscal studies from manual system to accept accounting package bundle as a device for entering and treating accounting minutess and fiscal studies. Thong ( 1999 ) states that the owner-manager is the 1 who is in charge for the running of the company in little and average concerns. As a consequence, the features of owner-manager are indispensable in finding the invention attitude given that they are the chief determination shaper. Kirton ( 1976 ) quoted in Thong ( 1999 ) , contends that everyone is located on a continuum runing from an ability to make things better to an ability to make things otherwise. The owner-manager will seek solutions that have already been tried and understood, if the latter is non a modernizer. In contrast, Kirton, ( 1984 ) indicates that the proprietor or director who wants to introduce will fav or solutions that have non been attempted and are therefore risky. However, Thong ( 1999 ) suggests that there is non anything that other associates of the concern can make to utilize computing machines for accounting plants if the owner-manager has non the self-control to introduce. 2.4 Features of the Technological Invention The determination to implement Information Technology is dependent on the features of the technological invention itself as they are besides a critical determiner. Rogers ( 1983 ) defined diffusion as the procedure by which an invention is communicated through certain channels overtime among the members of a societal systems . Rogers uses the footings engineering and invention synonymously, but explains that engineering is a design for instrumental action that reduces the uncertainness in the cause-effect relationships involved in a coveted result . There are five, potentially relevant, features of invention noted by Rogers ( 1983 ) which are potentially valuable in explicating the consequences of our research. Complexity: how hard technological invention is perceived as easy or hard to understand and utilize ; Compatibility: how technological invention must be consistent with the bing values, past experiences and demands of possible adoptive parents, for case bring forthing speedy studies as expeditiously and efficaciously ; Relative advantage: how much technological invention must be perceived as better or worse to be compared to its predecessor system ; Trialability: is the grade to which an invention may be experimented with by possible users on a limited footing ; Observability: how much clip it takes for the consequences of technological invention to go seeable and maximize net income. It has been noticed, over the past decennary that the induction of powerful, economical personal computers jointly with available accounting package, have enhanced and raised the barriers to IT modernisation. Thong ( 1999 ) confirms that, this has shown the manner to a encouragement in the acceptance of IT in the accounting field of little concerns. 2.5 Features of the Business Environment Business environment encompasses all those factors that affect a company s operations, and includes clients, rivals, stakeholders, providers, industry tendencies ( accounting house and comptrollers ) , ordinances, other authorities activities, societal and economic factors and technological development. 2.5.1 Accounting house Oran ( 1988 ) and Shannon ( 1986 ) indicate that many little concern owner-managers are non alert of the excess services supplied by comptrollers. Additionally, until a job does non originate, owner-manager will non discourse with comptrollers ( Holmes 1987 ) . Furthermore, ASCPA ( 1992 ) and Breen et Al. ( 1994 ) maintained in their research that an external comptroller used up much of his clip on an act in conformity with accounting pattern and accounting criterions, therefore he can assist a concern to get and set into pattern the accounting package in the concern accounting rhythm. Gorton ( 1999 ) found that concerns that were late start-up were more apt to travel toward an external comptroller for suggestion than more grown-up organisations. Besides, Wenzler ( 1996 ) states that comptrollers are exceptionally placed to supply accounting package advice and support to their clients. Such proposal shows to be efficient and effectual for concerns to choose for accounting package. There are close relationships between little and medium concern proprietors and comptroller, seeing as rather a few little and average concerns contract out their operation dealing entering and describing to external accounting houses. In add-on, Davis ( 1997 ) noted that little and average concerns depend a batch on accounting houses as their most faithful concern advisers. Accounting houses have more familiarity about their clients and their clients concern. They know what their aims are, and can set frontward attacks to assist in achieving those aims. For this ground, as recommended by Yap et Al. ( 1992 ) , accounting houses can well act upon CAS acceptance among little and average concerns and besides their engagement may besides lend to the accomplishment of computerized accounting execution. However, to cut down mistakes and set a halt to fraud, it is indispensable for comptrollers to be cognizant of the impact of doing usage of of computing machines on the accounting processs and controls that are premeditated. Furthermore, computing machines can non replace the sentiment and penetration of educated comptrollers but the computerized accounting package can ease the undertakings by automatizing much of the mundane clerking procedures in the manual accounting systems ( e.g. poster, test balance readying ) . Furthermore, computing machine package allows the comptroller to foreground more on how to continue with the accounting entries and techniques on fiscal studies. Last but non least, more of the comptroller s difficult work can be paying attending on back uping direction in sing the impact of funding, puting and runing determinations on fiscal statements and other steps of public presentation by using accounting package. 2.5.2 Competition Ives A ; Learmonth ( 1984 ) and Link A ; Bozeman ( 1991 ) quoted in Thong ( 1999 ) confirmed that it is normally assumed that competition will heighten the possibility of invention acceptance. Ettlie ( 1983 ) and Ettlie A ; Bridges ( 1982 ) quoted in Thong ( 1999 ) besides point that competition leads to environmental insecurity and increases both the demand for and the rate of invention acceptance. Porter and Millar ( 1985 ) advise that, concerns will be able to vie in three ways by following IT: IT can make competitory advantage by cut downing costs or increasing distinction. IT can alter the industry construction and, in making so, change the regulations of competition. IT generates new concerns by making derived demands from new merchandises, frequently within bing operations of the concern. 2.5.3 External Agents Small concern s clients were a considerable ground for implementing IT, more than the force per unit area of rivals suggested by Wenzler ( 1996 ) . Fortunately, Public Practice Accountants are in a superior place to supply systems analysis, design, execution, and support advice to their clients as many little concerns are in deficiency of resources to follow CAS. Furthermore, the debut of the Goods and Services Tax ( GST ) was an external influence on little concern owner-managers determinations to follow a CAS. Many little concerns would hold taken advantage of Government inducements to assist with the passage costs of the GST. Many little concerns computerized their accounting systems following the debut of the GST because accounting for the GST utilizing manual records proved to be excessively complicated ( Lief 2000 ) . Since the debut of the GST, it has been shown that many little concerns agree that the costs involved were normally: offset by better record-keeping and attendant better concern direction. The general consensus was that the move to computerise records was really positive for the little concern sector overall . 2.6 Barriers FOR ADOPTION OF IT Computerized accounting implies that the lone thing that employees do is inputting and entering minutess into the computing machine, which so processes the other stairss of the accounting rhythm automatically or by a petition. Davis and Olson ( 1985 ) defined Information System acceptance as utilizing computing machine hardware and package applications to back up operations, direction, and determination devising in the concern. In this survey, computerized accounting is defined as utilizing computing machine package applications to back up accounting operations. However, many little concerns are cautious about the consequence computing machine may hold in their house. When a CAS is installed, if there is a bad option of hardware or package, or deficient planning, this may take to obscureness and may hold terrible long-run effects. Some grounds invariably mentioned in literature to explicate why little houses that had non yet adopted IT, identified the three chief barriers to IT acqui sition. 2.6.1 Lack of computing machine accomplishments and cognition Stanworth and Gray ( 1992 ) and Marlow ( 1998 ) reported that drains on clip and money characterize of import restrictions. Computer engineering infuses concerns both big and little ; the demand for employees with equal IT cognition is serious. There are two accomplishable solutions to this quandary. First, it is the employment of devoted IT staff. However, this is can be outer the budget of the little association and is expensive. Second, IT preparation is another pick. Conversely, this besides appears to be dearly-won. The classs for little houses, professional patterns where clients are to be paid on a clip footing, clip used up when set abouting preparation is considered by many owner-managers to be a loss of income as all these have proved to be expensive. Consequently, many little and average endeavors struggle frontward with what cognition exists inside the organisation. The little organic structure of survey stressing upon the result of preparation in little houses is contrad ictory. Delone ( 1988 ) , probe of critical procedure factors, stated that the degree of computing machine preparation was non connected with IT success ( measured as the impact of IT on the organisation and computing machine usage ) . On the other manus, Montazemi ( 1988 ) stated that there is a favorable relationship between degrees of preparation and steps of the impact of IT. Where workers were disappointed with the degrees of preparation available, he noticed their computing machine literacy, end-user fulfilment and blessing of IT was poorer than their better-trained opposite numbers. In add-on, Igbaria et Al. ( 1997 ) accounted that preparation besides is utile for little organisations. Their research demonstrates developing to be decidedly related with the evident effectivity of IT and to utilize it without trouble. On the footing of their decisions, Igbaria et Al. declare that persons with no sufficient preparation are apt to confront problems while utilizing the system. Since they are fighting, they may in fact see that the system is excessively stiff to use and that the public presentation wages of pattern are offset by the difficult work of using it and eventually go hesitant to follow the engineering, t herefore get the better ofing the intent of set uping the new engineering. 2.6.2 Lack of Time Niederman et Al. ( 1991 ) and Galliers et Al. ( 1994 ) province that analysis carry out in big concerns have invariably revealed information systems ( IS ) planning to be one of the top precedences of information systems and concern directors for clip direction. However, Fidler et Al. ( 1993 ) and Dou- kidis et Al, ( 1994 ) study that bing survey puts frontward that little organisations are melting to prosecute the theoretical account set by their larger opposite numbers and remain, in footings of modern direction pattern, in the dark ages. Whilst it is recognized by Malone ( 1985 ) and Cragg ( 1990 ) that the official planning techniques of big concerns are non basically suited for little concerns as probe recommends that little houses that have adopted more formal be aftering systems come across lesser IS jobs. Regardless of such consequences, Cragg and King ( 1993 ) study happening `few formal planning and control activities associated with the computing machine, or for that affair, with the concern as a whole . Where planning does take topographic point it has a inclination to be assumed on an unexpected, job footing ; merely an action of the owner-manager ; informal, periodic and closed ; and prejudiced earnestly by advice from external beginnings with less accomplishments and experience than the owner-manager. While Doukidis et Al. ( 1996 ) suggests, although IT is by and large linked with a systematic attack to direction and decision-making and its debut requires careful planning, much little concern direction public presentation is based on short-run, informal, ad hoc lines. Furthermore, McMahon ( 2001 ) survey mentioned that it truly develops direction in little houses and frees up clip by utilizing a computerized record maintaining system. However, John Breen and Nick Sciulli ( 2002 ) initiated that concern operators are likely to hold complexness happening clip to set into operation a CAS as they lack the clip to analyze and or implement a computing machine package bundle. For that ground, it may hold a positive consequence on the concern taken as a whole and may ease to happen the clip to follow CAS, if owner-managers could hold the needed direction and fiscal accomplishments. Besides, Proudlock et Al ( 1999 ) research observed that some concerns proprietors did non hold adequate clip to turn up and get peculiar accounting package that satisfy their concern necessities, and they did non hold clip to put up the accounting package and to enter the everyday concern traffics. This is why they did non follow Information Technology in the fiscal accounting system. 2.6.3 fiscal resources Iacovou et Al. ( 1995 ) finds that little and average endeavors need a changeless supply of sufficient fiscal resources for a booming acceptance of CAS. The fiscal resources are looked-for to confront the installing costs, care, and other current disbursals that might harvest up during the whole class of the system operation. However, Iacovou et Al. ( 2005 ) , Quayle ( 2002 ) and Riquelme ( 2002 ) added that non all little and average endeavors have adequate fiscal resources needed to back up the acceptance of CAS and as such fiscal restriction becomes the barrier to CAS. Head ( 2000 ) confirmed that: ..small concern calls hapless when it comes to purchasing computing machines. This shows that it is really dearly-won and hard when switching from manual system to computerise system. Besides, due to dearly-won investing, many little concern directors were unwilling to utilize computing machine package in the accounting system as mentioned by Head ( 2000 ) research survey. However, Doukidis et Al. ( 1994 ) and Proudlock et Al. ( 1998 ) province that adviser aid comes at an elevated monetary value, frequently excessively high for the little concern. Consequently, many little organisation proprietors prefer to obtain advice from neighbouring houses and support houses every bit good as less formal beginnings of advice such as immediate household, friends and familiarities, who fundamentally have small or no apprehension of the concern. In the same manner, Delone ( 1988 ) and Gable ( 1991 ) affirmed that IT advisers may non ever be the answer. Although they are familiar with the application of IT in concern, they barely of all time are cognizant of the specific demands of single concerns in the same deepness as the owner-manager. 2.7 Decision This overview of past research surveies has clearly demonstrated the standards which influenced the factors for the acceptance of information engineering in the accounting profession for some little and average concerns. However, these past surveies have lifted a problematic issue in the literature. Consequently, no contrasts are made between concerns that use a computerized accounting system. This appraisal would be practical in the grounds for utilizing or non utilizing computerized records, over and above what factors would carry more concerns to follow IT irrespective of their dimensions. Furthermore, harmonizing to the literature, all of the above features influence the proprietor or director s determination to implement IT in the accounting field to a changing extent depending on the economic system and industry in which the concern operates. .